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ROLE OF MICROBIOME AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION THERAPY IN COMBATING MELANOMA

Salam K. Jawad, Mohammed Ali, Haider Haider, Ahmed Karim

Skin cancer is the most common malignancy in the United States and the whole world. It represents a major burden to public health and needs a special attention. Major steps to treat skin cancer had been taken and a combination therapy had been sought and it is quite promising. Melanoma is an example of a dual-mutation tumorigenesis and at least two mutations are required before its development. This fact is the cornerstone of signal transduction combination therapy which blocks the pathways involved in carcinogenesis. A better understanding of these pathways and the timing of genetic mutations will open the door widely to new treatment strategies and help in controlling this disease. On the other hand, skin microbiome represents a revolutionary step in the treatment and prevention of skin cancer. A special strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis produces 6-N-hydroxypurineamine, which is found to inhibit the proliferation of rapidly dividing cancer cells and suppress UV-induced skin tumor in mice. Accordingly, the presence of this strain on the surface of human skin could be protective against neoplasia. It is well understood that cutaneous HPV can cause non-melanoma skin cancers and HPV vaccine is used to protect against such cancers. In the future, 6-HAP-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis could be isolated and used in manufacturing a vaccine against melanoma. Similarly, using the genes that code for 6-HAP in these bacteria and incorporating these genes in the production of sunscreens will hopefully be the next innovative step in controlling this deadly disease.

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