34.Issue 02 february 24 - INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

Volume : 11, Issue : 02, February – 2024

Title:

A REVIEW ARTICLE ON OSTEOPOROSIS

Authors :

Sekhar Saroni, Dr Bhuvaneshwar, B.G. Hemanth

Abstract :

Osteoporosis is defined as low bone mineral density caused by altered bone microstructure ultimately predisposing patient to low impact, fragility fractures. Osteoporotic fractures leads to a significant decrease in quality of life with an increased morbidity, mortality, and disability. Osteoporosis- related fractures can increase pain, disability nursing home placements, total health care costs. Approximately 10 million men and women in the US have osteoporosis. Over 50% postmenopausal Caucasian women will have an osteoporotic related fracture. Only 30% of senior women who have a hip fracture will be able to return to independence. In Caucasian men, the risk of an osteoporotic fracture is 20%. But the one year mortality in men who have a hip fracture is twice that of women. Black males and females have less osteoporosis than their Caucasian counterparts, but those diagnosed with osteoporosis have similar fracture risk. The aging of the American population expected to triple the number of osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporosis-related to various factors including menopause and aging is the most common chronic metabolic bone disease. It is seen in all age groups, genders and races but it is more common in Caucasians [white race], older peoples and women Osteoporosis is increasingly becoming a global epidemic. Currently it has been estimated that more than 200 million peoples are suffering from osteoporosis. According to recent statistics from the international osteoporosis foundation, worldwide 1 in 3 women and 1 in 5 men will experience osteoporotic fractures in their life time. The diagnosis of osteoporosis is determined by measuring bone mineral density [BMD] using noninvasive dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Osteoporosis medication include bisphosphonates, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand inhibitor, estrogen agonist /antagonist, parathyroid hormone analogues and calcitonin.
Key words: Bone mineral density fracture risk, Osteoporosis management, menopause, bone density, bone fracture, osteopenia.

Cite This Article:

Please cite this article in press Sekhar Saroni et al., A Review Article On Osteoporosis, Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2024; 11 (02).

Number of Downloads : 10

References:

1. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001:285:785–95.
2. Cosman F, Tanner B, Randall S, et al. Clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Int. 2014:25:2359–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-014-2794-2.
3. Cooper C, Campion G, Melton LJ., 3rd Hip fractures in the elderly: a world-wide projection. Int. 1992:2:285–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01623184.
4. Burlet N. Osteoporosis: a still increasing prevalence. Bone. 2006;38(Suppl 1):S4–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2005.11.024.
5. Wright NC, Looker AC, Saag KG, Curtis JR, Delzell ES, Randall S, et al. The recent prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass in the United States based on bone mineral density at the femoral neck or lumbar spine. J Bone Miner Res. 2014:29:2520–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2269.
6. Watts NB, Camacho PM, Greenspan SL, Harris ST, Hodgson SF, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. 2010;16(Suppl 3):1–37. https://doi.org/10.4158/10024.GL.
7. Johansson H, et al. Incidence of hip fracture and prevalence of osteoporosis in Turkey: the FRACTURK study. Int. 2012:23:949–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-011-1655-5.
8. Riggs BL, Wahner HW, Seeman E, Offord KP, Dunn WL, et al. Changes in bone mineral density of the proximal femur and spine with aging. Differences between the postmenopausal and senile osteoporosis syndromes. J Clin Invest. 198:70:716–23. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI110667.
9. Hannan MT, Felson DT, Dawson-Hughes B, Tucker KL, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, et al. Risk factors for longitudinal bone loss in elderly men and women: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2000:15:710–20. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.4.710.
10. Compston J, Bowring C, Cooper A, Cooper C, Davies C, Francis R, et al. Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and older men in the UK: National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG) update 2013. Maturitas. 2013:75:392–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.05.013.
11. Cooper C, Melton LJ., 3rd Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1992:3:224–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/1043-2760(92)90032-V.
12. Melton LJ, 3rd, Achenbach SJ, Atkinson EJ, Amin S. Long-term mortality following fractures at different skeletal sites: a population-based cohort study. OsteoporoInt. 2013:24:1689–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-2225-1.
13. Papaioannou A, Morin S, Cheung AM, Atkinson S, Brown JP, Feldman S, et al. 2010 clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada: summary. CMAJ. 2010:182:1864–73. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.100771.
14. Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, Fink HA, Stone KL, Cauley JA, et al. Frailty and risk of falls, fracture, and mortality in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007:62:744–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/62.7.744.
15. Kanis JA, Johnell O, De Laet C, Johansson H, Oden A, Delmas P, et al. A meta-analysis of previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk. Bone. 2004:35:375–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2004.06.017.
16. Jen H, Lee K. The accuracy of historical height loss for the detection of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. Int. 2008:17:290–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-005-2017-y.
17. Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O, Johansson H, De Laet C, Brown J, et al. The use of clinical risk factors enhances the performance of BMD in the prediction of hip and osteoporotic fractures in men and women. Int. 2007:18:1033–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-007-0343-y.
18. D’Amelio P, Isaia GC. Male Osteoporosis in the Elderly. Int J Endocrinol. 2015:2015:907689. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/907689.
19. De Laet C, Kanis JA, Oden A, Johanson H, Johnell O, Delmas P, et al. Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Int. 2005:16:1330–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-005-1863-y.
20. Fox KM, Cummings SR, Powell-Threets K, Stone K. Family history and risk of osteoporotic fracture. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Int. 1998:8:557–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001980050099.
21. Kawamata A, Okamoto T, et al. Bone mineral density before and after surgical cure of Cushing’s syndrome due to adrenocortical adenoma: prospective study. World J Surg. 2008;32(5):890–896.
22. Sutton RAL, Dian L, Guy P. Osteoporosis in men: an underrecognized and undertreated problem. BCMJ. 2011;53(10):535–540.
23. Shahinian VB, Kuo Y-F, Freeman JL, Goodwin JS. Risk of fracture after androgen deprivation for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005:352:154–164. [
24. Tannenbaum C, Clark J, Schwartzman K, et al. Yield of laboratory testing to identify secondary contributors to osteoporosis in otherwise healthy women. J Clin Endo 2002;87(10):4431–4437.
25. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement: osteoporosis: screening. Apr, 2016. [Accessed June 9, 2017]. Available at: www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/Recommendation-StatementFinal/osteoporosis-screening.